A series of paintings with biblical motifs
The triangular paintings of the Court Bridge, which no longer exists, are stored in Lucerne's City Archives.
The Court Bridge was “bare” for roughly 300 years. A project was started in about 1552 to furnish the bridge with a cycle of biblical paintings unique in Europe. By 1580, the project was completed.
The Court Bridge’s cycle of paintings comprises an impressive 239 pictures with scenes from the Old and New Testament. This flood of paintings was without doubt Lucerne’s reaction to the theses of the Reformers and in particular to the vehement Protestant hostility toward images.
It is not known who developed the concept and content. One possibility is the Lucerne city chronicler Zacharias Bletz, who also wrote plays for the theater. The Lucerne priest Johannes Hürlimann is also likely to have played an important role. He came to Lucerne in 1561 and was known as a prominent humanist and theologian.
… in the Court Bridge’s cycle of paintings.
Unlike the pictures on the Chapel Bridge and the Chaff Bridge, which have only been painted on one side of the panel, the gable panels of the Court Bridge have paintings on both sides. Local spruce was preferred for the panels, which were made from boards planed and glued together. The chromophoric layer was applied using a mixed technique of oil and tempera. Of the 239 known paintings, six panels with twelve paintings are missing. After the bridge was demolished in 1852, the cycle of paintings was stored in various depots. Between 1997 and 2001, it was conserved and inventoried. Today, it is stored in a repository for cultural artefacts at the City Archives.
God created Eve from Adam in the Garden of Eden.
Cain slaying his brother Abel.
The people have turned their backs on God and are living a life of sin, so God sends a flood to kill them. Only Noah is spared by God, who allows him to build his Ark on a hill.
The flood drowns all life. This night-time scene depicts the people trying to escape the floods. Only Noah, his family and selected animals survive in the Ark.
After the Flood, the Ark lands on Mount Ararat. Noah leaves the ship with his family, thanks God and offers up a sacrifice to him.
The people of Sodom and Gomorrah live in sin, so God burns both cities. Only Lot is able to flee with his family. When Lot’s wife looks back despite having been told not to, she is turned into a pillar of salt.
Joseph, the favourite son of Jacob and Rachel, is despised by his brothers. They throw him in an empty cistern, take pity on him and sell him to merchants.
The merchants take the 17-year-old Joseph to Egypt as a slave.
In the services of the Pharoah, Joseph ascends to the position of Vizier. His brothers come to Egypt to buy corn due to a famine in their land. Joseph recognizes them, invites them to his palace and forgives them for their crime.
After the exodus from Egypt, the people of Israel reach Mount Sinai on their way to the promised land. God orders Moses to climb the mountain and gives him the two Tables of the Law there.
The Philistines are at war with the Israelites. Goliath, a giant Philistine, demands a duel. The young shepherd David accepts the challenge and kills Goliath with his slingshot.
Bathsheba bathes in the garden. King David, who has chosen not to lead his army into battle against the Ammonites, stands on the balcony of his palace and sees her. He has her come to him. The picture’s inscription states that idleness leads to sinful behavior.
Absalom, Kind David’s favourite son, unleashes a rebellion against his father. While fleeing, Absalom gets his head caught in the branches of an oak and is killed by his pursuers.
King David hears of his son’s death before the walls of Jerusalem and mourns for him.
Eli is a High Priest of Shiloh, which is where the Ark of the Covenant is stored. His sons take it into battle against the Philistines. The latter win and capture the Ark of the Covenant. Eli hears of this disgrace, falls backwards from his chair and dies.
King David conquers Jerusalem and decides to transfer the Ark of the Covenant, which has been recaptured from the Philistines, back to his new capital. He leads the procession, dancing and playing the harp as he does so.
The blind man Tobit, who lives in Niniveh, sends his young son Tobias to Ecbatana to recover some money he has lent. God sends the archangel Raphael to Tobias to protect him on the journey. On the angel’s instructions, Tobias catches a large fish and keeps its heart, liver and gall bladder.
Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon, conquers Jerusalem, destroys the city and leads the Israelites into captivity.
Two women come before the King as they are arguing over a child. He orders them to cut the infant in two. The real mother then asks the King to give the child to the other woman so that it does not have to die.
The Queen of Sheba visits King Solomon. In honor of his wisdom, she brings him gifts of gold, balsam and gemstones.
Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon, has three Israelites who refuse to bow down before a golden idol thrown into a fiery furnace. But the flames kill the king’s servants and leave the three youths unharmed.
Sennacherib, the king of Assur, conquered numerous Israelite cities. Angels sent by God attack the king’s camp at night and kill 185,000 Assyrians.
Holofernes, the general of King Nebuchadnezzar, is threatening Israel. Judith declares herself willing to avert the danger. Together with her maid, she visits Holofernes, gets him drunk and beheads him.
At the height of his fame, King Nebuchadnezzar falls from grace. As God predicted, he is cast out from human society. He lives naked among the wild animals, feeding on grass.
King Belshazzar, the son of Nebuchadnezzar, holds a great feast. Drunk on wine, he has the golden vessels that his father looted from the First Temple in Jerusalem brought to him. A hand appears and writes mysterious words on the wall.
Three valets of the Persian king Darius hold a competition on the question of “What is the greatest thing?” One writes: “It is wine.” The second: “It is the king.” The third: “It is women, but above all else it is the truth.” He wins the prize.
King Antiochus attacks the Jews with his war elephants. Eleazar sneaks under an elephant and thrusts his dagger into its belly. The animal collapses, squashing Eleazar to death.
The priest Zechariah and his wife Elizabeth have no children and are old. Zechariah goes to the temple to burn incense. Archangel Gabriel appears to him and tells him that Elizabeth will give birth to a child that should be called John.
Mary is betrothed to Joseph and lives in Nazareth. The Archangel Gabriel enters her room and announces to her that she will give birth to a son, Jesus, who will be called the son of God.
The Queen of Sheba visits King Solomon to put him to the test with some riddles. She is impressed by his wisdom and gives him gifts of gold, balsam and gemstones.
After the appearance of the Archangel Gabriel, Zechariah goes dumb. Elizabeth gives birth to a son, whom the relatives wish to name after his father. However, Elizabeth says he should be called John. When Zechariah writes this name on a piece of paper, he regains the power of speech.
Caesar Augustus orders that all inhabitants of the Roman Empire register themselves in tax lists. Joseph and Mary of Nazareth travel to Bethlehem in Judea, Joseph’s home town, in order to comply with the order. An ox and a donkey carry their possessions.
Mary and Joseph arrive in Bethlehem. The city is packed to the rafters and they have to spend the night in a stable. This is where Mary gives birth to her son Jesus. She wraps him in swaddling clothes and lays him in a manger.
Some shepherds are spending the night with their herds in fields near Bethlehem. An angel appears before them and announces the birth of Jesus.
The shepherds hurry to Bethlehem that same night. They find Jesus, Mary and Joseph amid ruins. They kneel before the child and worship him.
At the time of Jesus’s birth, Judea is ruled over by King Herod. Three kings from the East come to him and inquire where the newborn King of the Jews can be found. Shocked, Herod asks his scribes where the Messiah has supposedly been born. In Bethlehem, they tell him.
Eight days after his birth, Jesus is taken to the temple to be circumcised. Two priests perform the circumcision on the altar. Joachim and Joseph and Anna and Mary attend the ritual.
The Israelites rush into the plains of Moab en route to the promised land. Balak, king of Moab, sends the prophet Balaam to curse the people of Israel. Balaam’s donkey sees an angel and refuses to go on. After attempting drive the donkey on, Balaam is converted by the angel.
The three kings find Jesus, kneel before him and give him their gifts: gold, frankincense and myrrh.
In a dream, the three kings are warned not to return to King Herod. They leave the Holy Family and return to their home countries via a different route.
When she presents Jesus at the temple, Mary brings two turtle doves as a sacrifice for the ritual purification rite. The devout Simeon takes Jesus in his arms and calls out: “Lord, now let your servant depart in peace, according to your word; for my eyes have seen your salvation which you have prepared in the presence of all peoples.”
The people of Israel grow to such an extent in Egypt that they outgrow the Egyptians. Seeing this, the Pharaoh orders that all newborn Hebrew boys be drowned in the Nile, but that the girls should be allowed to live.
King Herod hears that the three kings have departed without telling him Jesus’s location. In a rage, he orders that all boys under the age of two in Bethlehem and the whole vicinity be murdered.
After his victory over Goliath, David becomes famous far and wide. This does not please King Saul, who plans to kill the brave shepherd boy. David hears of Saul’s plan and flees, but not without bidding farewell to his friend Jonathan, Saul’s son.
Jacob leaves Beer-sheba and goes to Haran. At night, he lies down beside the path to sleep. In a dream, he sees a ladder that stretches from the earth to heaven, with angels ascending and descending on it. God speaks to him and tells him that he will protect him and his descendants.
After the three kings have left, an angel appears to Joseph in a dream. The angel orders him to leave Bethlehem with Mary and Jesus and flee to Egypt in order to escape King Herod’s instructions to have all boys under two murdered.
Moses is born during the time when the Pharaoh is having the Hebrew boys killed. His mother lays him in a rush basket and leaves him by the banks of the Nile. The Pharaoh’s daughter is bathing in the Nile and sees the basket with the boy. She makes sure that Moses can be nursed by his mother.
After the death of King Herod, an angel appears to Joseph in Egypt and tells him to return to Israel with his family.
The Holy Family settles in Nazareth. Joseph works as a carpenter, his original profession, while Mary sews and teaches Jesus to read.
As they do every year, Jesus’s parents go to Jerusalem for the festival of Passover. When Jesus is twelve years old, he does not return to his parents. They search for him all over and eventually find him in the temple, deep in conversation with the teachers.
Susanna rejects two elderly judges who demand sexual favors of her. They accuse her of adultery and sentence her to death. The prophet Daniel interrogates the judges, drives them into a corner with questions and ultimately ensures that they receive their just punishment.
Dressed in an animal hide, John the Baptist preaches in the desert. A great many people come out to visit the prophet and be baptized by him in the Jordan.
Jesus comes to John the Baptist at the river Jordan and asks to be baptized. After some hesitation, John agrees and baptizes Jesus. An angel holds Jesus’s baptism robes ready and God the Father appears in the heavens.
Jesus fasts for forty days and nights in the desert. The devil approaches him and challenges him to turn stones into bread or jump from a temple in order to be rescued by angels, but Jesus resists all the temptations.
The prophet Elijah has to flee from Jezebel, the wife of King Ahab. She favors the cult of Baal, while he worships the God of Israel. Elijah flees to the desert, lays down under a gorse bush and prays for death. An angel wakes him and comforts him with bread and water.
After the devil’s failed attempt to lead Jesus astray, he is ministered to by angels. His adversary makes his defeat known with an obscene gesture.
As Jesus walks beside the Sea of Gallilee, he sees the two fishermen Simon, who is known as Peter, and his brother Andrew. He approaches them and asks them to follow him as his disciples. They leave their nets and go with him.
Jesus walks through the whole of Galilee, followed by great crowds of people. He climbs up a mountain and sits down. Surrounded by his disciples, he holds his first sermon, the sermon on the mount.
Jesus boards a boat with his disciples to get to the other shore of the Sea of Galilee. During the journey he falls asleep. A storm suddenly breaks out. Scared, the disciples wake Jesus. He calms the waves and scolds his disciples for their lack of faith.
In Gerasa, there is a man possessed by demons who walks around naked and lives in burial caves. He falls down before Jesus and addresses him as the Son of God. Jesus orders the demons to leave the man and go into a herd of swine grazing nearby.
A king invites many guests to a feast, but one after the other excuses himself. When he hears this, the king becomes angry and orders his servants to invite the poor, the crippled, the blind and the lame to his feast. None of the originally invited guests are allowed to attend.
If a man has a hundred sheep and loses one of them, he will hurry to search for it and carry it on his shoulders back to the herd. And if a woman has ten silver coins and loses one of them, she will search all over for it. Once she has found it, she will call her friends and neighbors and rejoice with them.
A son asks his father for his inheritance, leaves and squanders everything. He is forced to spend his life as a swineherd. Finally he returns to his father and asks for forgiveness. The father takes pity on him, has his fattened calf slaughtered and rejoices that his son has returned.
A rich man is looking forward to another good harvest. He has bigger barns built in order to stockpile more grains and goods. God speaks to him: “You fool, this very night you will lose your life and fall prey to the devils. This is how it is with those who only store up treasures for themselves.”
King Herod has imprisoned John the Baptist. John sends his disciples to Jesus to ask whether he is the savior whom John is expecting. They return to John and tell him that Jesus is healing many people and preaching the gospel.
It is the Sabbath. While on the road, Jesus sees a blind man and restores his eyesight. However, the Pharisees grumble and say: “This man is not of God for he does not keep the Sabbath.”
The Jews argue with Jesus and accuse him of being possessed by a demon because he claims to have seen Abraham. Jesus answers: “I say unto you, before Abraham was born, I am.” The people attempt to stone Jesus, so he hides himself and leaves the temple.
Two men are praying in the temple. The Pharisee thanks God that he is not like the tax collector behind him for he is good and just. But the tax collector beats himself on the breast and asks God to forgive him for his sins. The temple depicted is Lucerne’s Court Church.
On the way to Jerusalem Jesus passes through the border region between Samaria and Galilee. Ten lepers come toward him. Jesus heals them and sends them to the priests. However, one of them turns back and thanks Jesus. He is a Samaritan.
A man is attacked by robbers on the way from Jerusalem to Jericho. They strip him of his possessions and beat him. A priest sees the injured man and passes by. A Levite also does not stop to help him. A good Samaritan takes care of him and takes him to a place of shelter.
In Bethany, Martha and her sister Mary welcome Jesus and his disciples into their home. Mary sits at Jesus’s feet and listens to his words. Martha takes care of the household and the food, but Jesus tells her it is better to leave her work and listen.
Jesus is surrounded by many people. A woman who has been suffering from bleeding for twelve years approaches Jesus and touches his cloak. Jesus turns to her, speaks with her and heals her.
The synagogue ruler Jairus hurries to Jesus and asks him to come to his house as his daughter has just died. Jesus enters the house and asks the mourners to leave, telling them that the girl is not dead but asleep. He touches the girl’s hand and she gets up.
The Kingdom of Heaven is like the man who sows good seeds in his field. While the people sleep, his enemy comes and sows weeds among the wheat. The man lets both grow. When it is time to harvest, he pulls out the weeds and burns them, and puts the wheat in his barn.
King Herod has imprisoned John the Baptist. When Salome dances at the king’s birthday celebration, Herod promises to give her anything she desires. At her mother Herodias’s urging, Salome asks for the head of John, so John is beheaded.
A large crowd of people follows Jesus up a mountain, but there is nothing to eat. A small boy is carrying five loaves of barley bread and two fish. Jesus blesses the loaves and the fish and distributes them among the people. They are enough to feed more than 5,000.
The disciples board a boat and sail out onto the lake. Jesus remains on the mountain and prays. In the middle of the night, he comes down and walks over the water to the boat. Peter wants to follow suit, but becomes afraid and begins to sink. Jesus catches him and chides him for being a doubter.
Many sick people stay around the pool of Bethesda. An angel stirs up the water. Whoever steps in first will become healthy. Jesus approaches and sees a man who is so ill that he will never reach the seething water. Jesus cures him.
In the region of Tyre and Sidon, a Canaanite woman comes to Jesus and asks him to heal her daughter, who is being tormented by a demon. Jesus hesitates and says that he was only sent to the people of Israel. But then he is persuaded by the woman and heals her daughter.
Jesus takes Peter, James and John up a high mountain called Mount Tabor. He is transfigured before their eyes: his face shines like the sun and his clothes become as blindingly white as sunlight. Moses and Elijah appear, and God the Father speaks from a cloud.
Little children are also taken to Jesus so that he can bless them. The disciplines want to drive them away, but Jesus says: “Let the children come to me, for the kingdom of heaven belongs to such people as these. Unless you accept the kingdom of God like a child, you will not enter it.”
A rich man lives a life of luxury. He has the poor beggar Lazarus driven away from his door. Lazarus dies and is carried by the angels to the lap of Abraham. The rich man also dies and burns in hell.
Jesus is eating at a Pharisee’s table on the Sabbath. A sick man approaches him. Jesus asks the Pharisee: “Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath?” The Pharisee is silent. Jesus heals the sick man, saying: “If one of you has a son who falls in a well, will you not immediately pull him out – even on the Sabbath?”
Jesus is teaching in the temple. The Pharisees bring a woman to him who has been caught committing adultery. They ask him whether they should stone her. Jesus bends down and writes on the ground with his finger: “Let he who is without sin cast the first stone.” One after the other, they leave.
Jesus is watching a treasury. Many rich people come and put large sums in the treasury. A poor widow throws two small coins in. Jesus says: “This widow puts in more than all the others who have only contributed from their surplus wealth. She has given everything that she possesses.”
Jesus comes to Bethany. Martha and Mary are mourning their brother Lazarus, who has lain in his grave for four days. Jesus goes to the tomb and asks for the stone to be removed. He then calls: “Lazarus, come forth!” Lazarus emerges from the vault, his hands and feet wrapped in bandages.
Jesus comes to Jerusalem. He asks for a donkey to be brought to him, sits on it and rides into the city. Many people lay their clothes on the ground before him, calling: “Hosanna to the son of David! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord.”
Jesus walks through the city of Jericho. The rich tax collector Zaccheus wants to see Jesus and climbs a tree. Jesus calls him down and enters his house. The crowd is shocked as Zaccheus is regarded as a sinner. Zaccheus promises Jesus that he will give half his fortune to the poor.
Jesus enters the temple in Jerusalem and drives out the merchants and money-changers, saying: “Is it not written: my house shall be a house of prayer for all peoples? You have made it a den of thieves.”
A householder plants a vineyard and lets it out to husbandmen. When the time comes to harvest, he sends his son to fetch his share of the grapes, but the husbandmen kill the son. The household takes the vineyard away from them and lets it out to other husbandmen.
A king invites many guests to his son’s wedding feast, but they do not want to come. So the king orders his servants to go out onto the highways and invite everyone, both bad and good. However, he notices that one man is not wearing wedding clothing. He orders that the man be bound and thrown out of the palace.
Jesus leaves the temple and points out the great buildings to his disciples, telling them that one day the time will come when everything is destroyed. The Son of Man will appear in the heavens and the end of all days will be upon us.
Ten virgins take their lamps and await the coming of the bridegroom. Five of them are foolish and have brought only their lamps, but five are wise and have brought oil as well. Finally the bridegroom comes and invites the wise virgins into the wedding hall. The door is closed and the foolish virgins have to stay outside.
Having gathered at the palace of high priest Caiaphas, the elders decide to capture Jesus by devious means and kill him. This should not occur during the festival of Passover, however, as they do not want to cause an uprising among the people.
The Pharisee Simon invites Jesus to eat at his house. While he is there, a sinful woman carrying a vessel of fragrant oil enters. She wets Jesus’s feet with her tears, dries them with her hair and anoints them with oil. Jesus says to her: “Your sins are forgiven.”
Before leaving for Jerusalem, Jesus bids farewell to his mother Mary in Bethany. She implores him not to go to Jerusalem because he will be taken captive. He replies that he must obey the will of his father and give himself up.
It is the start of the Feast of the Unleavened Bread, on which the Passover lamb must be slaughtered. Jesus sends Peter and John to the city of Jerusalem to prepare the Passover meal. A man holding a pitcher of water will await them and show them which room to go to.
Jesus has gathered together his disciples for the Passover meal. As Moses requested before the exodus from Egypt, the disciples stand around the table with the Passover lamb holding walking staffs and ready to leave.
Three men visit Abraham. He has a rich feast prepared for them. The three men ask after Abraham’s wife Sarah. Abraham learns that Sarah will have a son. Sarah laughs because she knows that she is old. She gives to Abraham’s son, whom they call Isaac.
After a meal before the festival of Passover, Jesus stands up, lays off his outer garments and girds himself with a linen cloth. He then pours water into a bowl and washes his disciples’ feet.
Having gone blind in his old age, Isaac is close to death. He wants to appoint his first-born son Esau the head of the family. His wife Rebekah is aware of this intention. She urges her favorite son Jacob to go to Isaac and pretend to be Esau so that his father will bless him instead, and thus it happens.
The Persian king Ahasuerus makes Esther his queen without knowing that she is a Jew. Urged by his advisor Haman, he orders that all Jews in his kingdom be killed. Esther reveals to Ahasuerus that she is a Jew, manages to get the order withdrawn and rescues her people from extinction.
Jesus joins his disciples at the table to eat his last supper. As they are eating, he says to them: “One of you will betray me and hand me over. The man who dipped his hand into the bowl with me will betray me.”
During the last supper, Jesus takes some bread, blesses it, breaks it, passes it to his disciples and says: “Take and eat; this is my body.” Then he takes a cup, passes it to his disciples and says: “This is my blood, which is poured out for the forgiveness of sins.”
The disciples have joined Jesus for the last supper. Jesus is greatly shaken and says to his disciples: “One of you will betray me. It is he to whom I will give this piece of bread once I have dipped it.” He gives the bread to Judas, the son of Simon Iscariot.
Enveloped in a dark cloak, Mary is deep in prayer. The sword of pain has pierced her breast. In a cloud of light, she sees five scenes from her son’s passion: the mortal agony on the Mount of Olives, the flagellation, the crowning with thorns, Christ carrying the cross and the crucifixion.
A wedding is taking place at Cana in Galilee. Mary, Jesus and the disciples are invited. The wine runs out. Jesus asks the servants to fill the empty jugs with water. They try it and realize that the water has turned into wine.
On this devotional image, Jesus is depicted as the Man of Sorrows. He is standing on a large fountain. In his left hand he is holding the cross, and with his right he is pointing to the wound in his side from which blood is flowing into the fountain. The people are pushing toward the fountain in order to anoint themselves with the blood of Christ.
This devotional image is a mystical depiction of Christ during the Passion. Crowned with thorns, the Man of Sorrows kneels in the winepress in a state of misery and humiliation. He is being squeezed like a grape by the cross-shaped winepress tree and is bleeding from his wounds. An angel is catching the blood in a cup.
On this pietà, Mary, Our Lady of Sorrows, is sitting under the cross and cradling the dead body of her son Jesus in her lap. Angels holding the weapons of Christ surround the pair. God the Father appears in the heavens. In the background is the beaten shepherd, whose sheep are leaping away.
Already advanced in years, Elizabeth gives birth to John the Baptist. The relatives want to name the boy after his father Zechariah, but Elizabeth says he should be called John. The dumb Zechariah writes this name on a piece of paper and regains the power of speech.
Accompanied by the Holy Trinity, this image of the end of time shows the Virgin Mary in the heavens, in the crown of the tree of paradise. She is treading on the serpent, which has coiled itself around the tree trunk. The procession of the redeemed streams out of heaven’s gate. The image sponsors kneel on both sides.
It is difficult to identify the original artists involved in creating the cycle of paintings because many of the pictures were painted over to some degree during renovation work. Comparisons in style point to the painter Martin Moser, who worked in Lucerne in the second half of the 16th century, and his workshop. Most of the paintings date back to between 1571 and 1578. Many are attributable to the Dutch painter Johannes von Leiden. His signature is on one painting. Although he is not documented in the archives, his elegant figures and enchanting landscapes are readily identifiable.
Through adorning the Court Bridge with the many paintings, the clients of the state and the church created a medium that depicted the ancient truths of faith simply and effectively. And so for churchgoers in those days, this painted path to salvation turned into an optical sermon. It was complemented by the powerful presentation of these same beliefs for the Lucerne Passion plays (“Luzerner Osterspiele”) performed in a contemporary theater in the center of the city. Numerous paintings depict scenes from the plays.
… the Court Bridge’s cycle of paintings was conserved and inventoried.